Pongamia pinnata, also known as the Indian Beech, Pongam Tree, or Karanj, is a versatile tree species belonging to the Fabaceae family. Here's an overview:
Distribution: Pongamia pinnata is native to the Indian subcontinent, as well as Southeast Asia and Australia. It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and is often found growing in coastal areas, along riverbanks, and in dry forests.
Appearance: It is a medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 15-25 meters (approximately 50-82 feet). The tree has a spreading canopy with dense foliage and compound leaves consisting of 5-7 leaflets. The leaves are dark green and glossy.
Flowers: Pongamia pinnata produces clusters of fragrant, white or pale pink flowers with yellow centers. The flowers are borne in terminal or axillary racemes and attract pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and birds.
Fruit: The tree produces flattened, greenish-brown pods that contain seeds. The seeds are round and have a hard outer shell. Inside, the seeds contain oil-rich kernels.
Uses:
Medicinal: Various parts of Pongamia pinnata, including the leaves, seeds, bark, and oil, have been used in traditional medicine for their medicinal properties. Extracts from the tree have been used to treat skin diseases, inflammation, rheumatism, and intestinal worms.
Fuel: Pongamia oil, extracted from the seeds, is used as a biodiesel feedstock. It is considered a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels due to its high oil content and ability to grow in marginal lands.
Agroforestry: Pongamia pinnata is used in agroforestry systems for soil conservation, erosion control, and as a shade tree in agricultural plantations.
Timber: The wood of Pongamia pinnata is moderately hard and durable. It is used in construction, furniture making, and for various woodworking purposes.
Environmental Benefits: Pongamia pinnata is known for its nitrogen-fixing ability, which helps improve soil fertility and supports the growth of other plants in its vicinity. The tree also provides habitat and food for wildlife.
Overall, Pongamia pinnata is a valuable tree species with multiple uses and environmental benefits. Its versatility makes it an important component of sustainable agroforestry and biodiesel production systems.